A3
Indlela IBhayibheli Elifike Ngayo Kithi
UMtloli noMsunguli weBhayibheli nguye owalivikelako. Nguye owenza bona kutlolwe amezwi la:
“Ilizwi lakaZimethu lihlala ngokungapheliko.”—Isaya 40:8.
Amezwi lawo aliqiniso, ngitjho nanyana namhlanjesi singasenayo imiTlolo yesandla yeBhayibheli lokuthoma yelimi lesiHebheru nelesi-Aramu * namkha imiTlolo yamaKrestu yesiGirigi. Singaqiniseka njani bona lokho okutlolwe eBhayibhelini esinalo namhlanjesi kufana patsi nalokho obekusemitlolweni yokuthoma eyaphefumulelwako?
ABAKOPULULI BAVIKELA ILIZWI LAKAZIMU
Malungana nemiTlolo yesiHebheru, ingcenye yependulo siyifumana kilokho uZimu athi akwenziwe ekadeni, wathi imitlolo kufuze ikopululwe. * Ngokwesibonelo, uJehova wayala amakhosi wakwa-Israyeli bona azenzele amakhophi womThetho otloliweko. (Duteronomi 17:18) Ukungezelela kilokho, uZimu wanikela amaLevi umsebenzi wokuvikela umThetho begodu awufundise abantu. (Duteronomi 31:26; Nerhemiya 8:7) Ngemva kokobana amaJuda adingiselwe eBhabhiloni, kwavela isiqhema sabakopululi namkha abatloli (ama-Sopher). (Ezra 7:6, umtlolo ongenzasi) Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, abatlolabo benza amakhophi amanengi weencwadi ezima-39 zemiTlolo yesiHebheru.
Phakathi namakhulu weminyaka, abatloli bakopulule iincwadezi ngokutjhejisisa okukhulu. Phakathi neminyaka yabo-500-1500 C.E, isiqhema sabatloli abamaJuda esibizwa ngokuthi maMasorethe, saragela phambili nokukopa iincwadezi. Umtlolo opheleleko wesandla wakade khulu owatlolwa maMasorethe, ubizwa ngokuthi yi-Leningrad Codex, wakopululwa kusukela ngo-1008/1009 C.E. Ngabo-1950 kwafunyanwa imitlolo yesandla yeBhayibheli engaba ma-220 namkha iinqetjhana zayo hlangana nemiSongo yeLwandle eliFileko. Imitlolo yesandla yeBhayibheli leyo beyidlula i-Leningrad Codex ngeminyaka engaphezu kweyikulungwana. Lokha nakumadaniswa imiSongo yeLwandle eliFileko ne-Leningrad Codex kuvele iphuzu eliqakathekilekweli: Nanyana imiSongo yeLwandle eliFileko inamanye amagama ahlukileko, ukuhlukokho akuwuthinti umlayezo.
Kuthiwani ngeencwadi ezima-27 zemiTlolo yamaKrestu yesiGirigi? Iincwadezo zatlolwa kokuthoma ngabanye abapostoli bakaJesu Krestu nabanye abafundi abambalwa bokuthoma. Alandela indlela eyasetjenziswa batloli bamaJuda, amaKrestu wokuthoma enza amakhophi weencwadezo. (Kolose 4:16) Naphezu kwemizamo yoMbusi wamaRoma u-Diocletian nabanye yokutjhabalalisa zoke iincwadi zamaKrestu wokuthoma, iinkulungwana zeenqetjhana zemitlolo yekadeni nemitlolo yesandla zisindile bekube sesikhathini sethu.
Imitlolo yamaKrestu nayo yatjhugululelwa kwamanye amalimi. Amatjhugululo wokuthoma weBhayibheli ahlanganisa namalimi wekadeni njengesi-Armenia, isi-Copt, isiTopiya, isi-Georgia, isiLathini nesiSiriya.
UKUKHETHA IMITLOLO YESIHEBHERU NEYESIGIRIGI BONA ITJHUGULULWE
Akusiwo woke amakhophi weBhayibheli wemitlolo yesandla yekadeni asebenzisa amezwi afanako. Alo sizokwazi njani ukuthi umtlolo wokuthoma bewuthini?
Indaba le singayifanisa notitjhere obawa abafundi abali-100 bona bakopulule isahluko sencwadi. Nanyana isahluko sokuthoma sencwadi singalahleka, ukumadanisa amakhophi ali-100 kungaveza obekutjhiwo mtlolo wokuthoma. Nanyana umfundi angenza imitjhapho, angekhe kwenzeka ukuthi boke abafundi benze imitjhapho efanako. Ngokufanako, lokha izazi nazimadanisa iinkulungwana zeenqetjhana zemitlolo namakhophi weencwadi zeBhayibheli zekadeni ezinawo, ziyakghona ukubona umtjhapho womkopululi, zibone namezwi ebewasetjenziswe ekuthomeni.
“Singatjho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi akunamsebenzi wekadeni odluliselwe kithi ngokunembileko njengalo”
Singaqiniseka njani bona imiqondo ebeyiseBhayibhelini lokuthoma idluliselwe kithi ngokunembileko? Isazi u-William H. Green nasikhuluma ngemitlolo yesiHebheru sathi: “Singatjho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi akunamsebenzi wekadeni odluliselwe kithi ngokunembileko njengalo.” Malungana nemiTlolo yamaKrestu yesiGirigi, ebizwa nangokuthi liTestamende eliTjha, u-F. F. Bruce osisazi seBhayibheli, watlola wathi: “Ubufakazi bemitlolo yeTestamende eliTjha bukhulu khulu nabumadaniswa nobufakazi bemitlolo eminengi yabatloli bekadeni, bunembe khulu kangangobana akekho ongabuphikisa.” Waraga wathi: “Ngathana iTestamende eliTjha beliyibuthelelo lemitlolo engasi ngeyekolo, akunamuntu obekangazaza ukunemba kwalo.”
Isahluko 40 sencwadi ka-Isaya emiSongweni yeLwandle eliFileko (kusukela ngo-125 kuya ku-100 B.C.E.)
Mncani umehluko owafunyanwa emitlolweni yesandla yesiHebheru eyatholakala ngemva kweminyaka eyikulungwana, umehluko lo utholakala khulu endleleni ekutlolwe ngayo amagama
Isahluko 40 sencwadi ka-Isaya ku-Aleppo Codex, emtlolo wesandla oqakathekileko wesiHebheru owatlolwa maMasorethe pheze ngomnyaka ka-930 C.E.
ImiTlolo YesiHebheru: ITjhugululo yePhasi eliTjha yemiTlolo yesiHebheru (1953-1960) beyisekelwe ku-Biblia Hebraica, ka-Rudolf Kittel. Kusukela ngesikhatheso, imitlolo yesiHebheru ethuthukisiweko okuyi-Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia ne-Biblia Hebraica Quinta, ifake irhubhululo lamuva elisekelwe emiSongweni yeLwandle eliFileko nakweminye imitlolo yesandla yekadeni. Imisebenzi yezazi le isebenzisa i-Leningrad Codex emitlolweni eyihloko nemitlolo yangenzasi etjengisa ukuthi ezinye iincwadi ziwubeke njani umtlolo loyo; iincwadezo zihlanganisa iPentateuch yeSamariya, imiSongo yeLwandle eliFileko, i-Septuagint yesiGirigi, i-Targums yesi-Aramu, i-Vulgate yesiLathini ne-Peshitta yesiSiriya. I-Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia ne-Biblia Hebraica Quinta zisetjenzisiwe nakubuyekezwa iTjhugululo yePhasi eliTjha yamuva nje.
ImiTlolo YesiGirigi: Phakathi kwaka-1853 ukuya ku-1881 izazi u-B. F. Westcott no-F.J.A. Hort zamadanisa imitlolo yeBhayibheli yesandla neenqetjhana zemitlolo ebeyikhona ngesikhatheso njengombana zilungiselela umtlolo oyihloko wesiGirigi ebezicabanga ukuthi ukhambisana eduze nemitlolo yokuthoma. Ngabo-1950 iKomidi yeBhayibheli yeTjhugululo yePhasi eliTjha yasebenzisa umtlolo oyihloko loyo njengesisekelo setjhugululo yayo. Kwasetjenziswa namanye ama-papyrus wakade okucatjangwa ukuthi ngewango-125 C.E ukuya ku-300 C.E. Kusukela ngesikhatheso kufunyenwe amanye ama-papyrus amanengi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imitlolo eyihloko njengeyaka-Nestle no-Aland neye-United Bible Societies iveza irhubhululo lamuva nje lezazi. Okhunye okwafunyanwa erhubhululwenelo kufakiwe etjhugululweneli.
Ngokusekelwe emitlolweni eyihloko leyo, kuyakhanya ukuthi amanye amavesi wemiTlolo yamaKrestu yesiGirigi afumaneka ematjhugululweni wakade, njenge-King James Version angezelelwa bakopululi bamuva, bewangasiyingcenye yemiTlolo ephefumulelweko. Ngebanga lokuthi indlela amavesi ahlukaniswe ngayo ematjhugululweni amanengi besele ijayelekile ngabo-1550, ukweqiwa kwamavesi lawo nje kwenze kwaba neenkhala nakutlolwa inomboro zamavesi emaBhayibhelini amanengi. Amavesi lawo nguMatewu 17:21; 18:11; 23:14; Markosi 7:16; 9:44, 46; 11:26; 15:28; Lukasi 17:36; 23:17; Jwanisi 5:4; IzEnzo 8:37; nekwebeRoma 16:24. Etjhugululweni ebuyekeziweko le, amavesi eqiweko lawo atshwaywe ngomtlolo wangenzasi lapho eqiwe khona.
Malungana nesiphetho eside sakaMarkosi 16 (amavesi 9-20), nesiphetho esifitjhani sakaMarkosi 16 namezwi afumaneka kuJwanisi 7:53–8:11, kuyakhanya bona alikho nalinye lamavesi la ebelifakiwe emitlolweni yesandla yokuthoma. Nje-ke amavesi angasiliqiniso lawo akhenge afakwe eBhayibhelineli. *
Ezinye iindlela zokubeka amabizo zilungisiwe ukwenzela bona zikhambisane nalokho okwamukelwa zizazi njengokukuveza kuhle ebekusemitlolweni yokuthoma. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokweminye imitlolo yesandla, uMatewu 7:13 uthi: “Ngenani ngesango elincani, ngombana ivulekile begodu ibanzi indlela etjhinga ekubhujisweni.” Kwamanye amaBhayibheli adlulileko we-Tjhugululo yePhasi eliTjha, ibizo elithi “isango” belingakafakwa emitlolweni. Ngemva kwerhubhululo elenziwe emitlolweni yesandla kufunyenwe ubufakazi bokuthi ibizo elithi “isango” belikhona emitlolweni yokuthoma. Nje-ke lifakiwe neBhayibhelineli. Zinengi ezinye izinto ezilungisiweko ezifana nale. Nanyana kunjalo, ukulungisokhu kuncani begodu akukawutjhugululi umlayezo osisekelo weliZwi likaZimu.
Umtlolo wesandla we-papyrus weyesi-2 Korinte 4:13–5:4 pheze wango-200 C.E.
^ Ibizwa ngokuthi miTlolo yesiHebheru ukusukela la ukuya phambili.
^ Elinye ibanga elenza kutlhogeke bona imitlolo yesandla ikopululwe, kukobana imitlolo yokuthoma beyitlolwe ezintweni ezitjhabalalako.
^ Imininingwana enabileko yokuthi kubayini amavesi la aqalwa njengangasiliqiniso ifumaneka emitlolweni yangenzasi yeBhayibheli i-New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—With References, eyagadangiswa ngo-1984.
