tora kya hai?

chalayen

tora kya hai?

shastra se javab

shabd “tora” darasal ibrani shabd toh-raah se nikla hai jiska anuvad “seekh,” ‘sikhayi baatein’ ya “kaanoon” bhi kiya jaa sakta hai. * (neetivachan 1:8; 3:1; 28:4) aage diye udahran dikhate hain ki yah ibrani shabd bible mein kis tarah istemal kiya gaya hai.

toh-raah aksar bible ki pehli paanch kitabon ko kaha jaata hai yaani utpatti, nirgaman, laivyavyavastha, ginti aur vyavasthavivran. inhein panchgranth (ya pentateuch) bhi kaha jaata hai jo ki ek yoonani shabd se nikla hai, jiska matlab hai “paanch kitabon ka ek khand.” tora ko moosa ne likha tha isliye ise “moosa ke kaanoon ki kitab” bhi kaha jaata hai. (yahoshoo 8:31; nahemayah 8:1) jab ise likha gaya tha tab yah ek kitab thi, lekin baad mein ise alag-alag kitabon mein baant diya taaki iska istemal aasani se kiya jaa sake.
toh-raah shabd israel ko diye kaanoonon ya niyamon ke liye bhi istemal hota hai, jaise “paap-bali ka niyam [toh-raah],” ‘kodh ke baare mein niyam’ aur ‘naazeer ke liye niyam.’—laivyavyavastha 6:25; 14:57; ginti 6:13.
toh-raah shabd seekh, sikhayi jaanevali baaton aur shiksha ke liye bhi istemal hota hai fir chahe ye baatein maa-baap ki taraf se hon ya fir kisi samajhdar vyakti ya khud parmeshvar ki taraf se hon.—neetivachan 1:8; 3:1; 13:14; yashayah 2:3, footnote.

tora ya panchgranth mein kya likha hai?

ismein bataya gaya hai ki srishti ki shurooat se lekar moosa ki maut tak parmeshvar logon ke saath kis tarah pesh aaya.—utpatti 1:27, 28; vyavasthavivran 34:5.
ismein moosa ke kaanoon mein diye niyam bhi likhe hain. (nirgaman 24:3) moosa ke kaanoon mein 600 se bhi zyada niyam hain. inmein sabse jaana-maana niyam hai “shema,” jo ki yahoodiyon ki ek prarthna bhi hai. iske kuch shabd is tarah hain, “tu apne parmeshvar yahova se poore dil, poori jaan aur poori taakat se pyar karna.” (vyavasthavivran 6:4-9) yeeshu ne kaha ki “yahi sabse badi aur pehli aagya hai.”—matti 22:36-38.
ismein parmeshvar ka naam yahova 1,800 baar aaya hai. tora mein kahin nahin likha ki hamein parmeshvar ka naam nahin lena chahiye, balki ismein aisi aagyayen likhi hain jinke mutabik parmeshvar ke logon ke liye uska naam lena zaroori tha.—ginti 6:22-27; vyavasthavivran 6:13; 10:8; 21:5.

tora ke baare mein galatfehmiyaan

galatfehmi: tora ke niyam kabhi nahin miteinge aur inhein kabhi nazarandaz nahin karna chahiye.

sachchai: bible ke kai anuvadon mein tora ke kuch niyamon ke baare mein kaha gaya hai ki woh “sanatan” hain ya “hamesha ke liye” hain, jaise sabt, yaajakpad aur prayshchit din se jude niyam. (nirgaman 31:16, bulke bible; 40:15; laivyavyavastha 16:33, 34) magar in aayton mein “sanatan” ya “hamesha” shabdon ke liye jo ibrani shabd istemal hua hai uska matlab hai ki koi cheez bahot lambe samay tak kaayam rahegi, magar zaroori nahin ki woh hamesha-hamesha tak rahe. * moosa ka kaanoon kareeb 900 saal tak bana raha, lekin parmeshvar ne kaha ki aage chalkar woh is kaanoon ki jagah “ek naya karar” karega. (yirmayah 31:31-33) “is tarah [parmeshvar ne] ‘naye karar’ ki baat kehkar pehle karar ko radd kar diya.” (ibraniyon 8:7-13) is naye karar ne aaj se kuch 2,000 saal pehle, purane karar ki jagah le li aur yah yeeshu maseeh ki maut ki vajah se mumkin hua.—ifisiyon 2:15.

galatfehmi: yahoodiyon ki zabani taur par sikhayi jaanevali paramparaon aur talmood ka bhi utna hi mahatva hai jitna ki tora ka.

sachchai: bible mein aisa kahin nahin likha ki parmeshvar ne moosa ko tora likhvane ke saath-saath zabani taur par koi doosra kaanoon bhi diya tha. iske bajay, bible kehti hai, “yahova ne moosa se yah bhi kaha, ‘tu ye saari aagyayen likh lena.’” (nirgaman 34:27) aage chalkar yahoodiyon ne apne zabani kaanoon ko ek kitab mein darz kiya aur yah mishna ke naam se jaana gaya. fir ismein kuch aur paramparayen jodkar talmood likhi gayi. iska matlab, ye zabani kaanoon darasal yahoodi paramparayen thi jinhein fareesiyon ne banaya tha. aksar ye paramparayen tora ki baaton se nahin milti thi. isliye yeeshu ne fareesiyon se kaha, “tumne apni paramparaon ki vajah se parmeshvar ke vachan ko radd kar diya hai.”—matti 15:1-9.

galatfehmi: aurton ko tora nahin sikhaya jaana chahiye.

sachchai: moosa ke kaanoon mein ek aagya yah thi ki poora-ka-poora kaanoon sabhi israeliyon ko padhkar sunana chahiye, aurton aur bachchon ko bhi. kyon? usi aagya mein aage likha hai, “taaki woh sab [apne] parmeshvar yahova ke baare mein sunein aur seekhein aur uska dar maanein aur is kaanoon mein likhi saari baaton ko sakhti se maanein.”—vyavasthavivran 31:10-12. *

galatfehmi: tora mein rehasyamay baatein likhi hain.

sachchai: moosa ne, jisne tora ko likha tha, kaha ki iska sandesh sabke liye hai aur ise aasani se samjha jaa sakta hai, ismein koi rehasyamay ya gupt baatein nahin likhin. (vyavasthavivran 30:11-14) yah dhaarna ki tora mein rehasyamay baatein chhipi hain, kabalah naam ke ek yahoodi rehsyavadi panth se shuroo hui jo shastra ki baaton ko ‘chaturai se gadhkar’ apne tareeke se samjhata hai. *—2 patras 1:16.

^ para. 1 strongest strong’s exhaustive concordance of the bible ke naye sanskaran mein bhaag “hebrew-aramaic dictionary index to the old testament” mein entry number 8451 dekhein.

^ para. 9 theological wordbook of the old testament, volume 2, page 672-673 dekhein.

^ para. 17 kai yahoodi dharm-adhikariyon ne yah niyam bana diya tha ki aurton ko tora nahin sikhaya jaana chahiye, jabki tora mein aisa nahin likha. udahran ke liye, mishna mein rabbee eliezer ben hyrcanus ki yah baat likhi hai: “jo apni beti ko tora sikhata hai woh maano use ashleel baatein sikhata hai.” (sotah 3:4) yarooshalem ke talmood mein uski yah baat likhi hai: “tora ki baatein aurton ko sikhane se achha hai ki tora ko jala diya jaaye.”—sotah 3:19ka.

^ para. 14 udahran ke liye, encyclopedia judaica batati hai ki kabalah panth ke log tora ke baare mein kya kehte hain: “tora ki kisi bhi baat ka koi ek matlab nahin hai, balki ismein di baaton ke ek-se-zyada matlab ho sakte hain. ismein di baaton ko alag-alag nazariye se dekha jaa sakta hai aur har ek ka matlab bhi alag ho sakta hai.”—doosra sanskaran, khand 11, page 659.