PA NYENGU yo Aheberi ajanga mu Charu Chakulayizgika, chaka chayambanga ndi kulima kweniso kupanda mbewu ndipu nyengu yeniyi mazuŵa nganu ndi mwezi wa September/October.

Kalendala ya myezi 12 (ya mazuŵa 29 pamwenga 30 mwezi wewosi) yipanga chaka chifupi kuphara chaka cha kuŵerengese mwakugwiriskiya ntchitu lumwi. Yiwu agwiriskiyanga ntchitu nthowa zakupambanapambana kuti chaka cha kuŵerengese mwakugwiriskiya ntchitu mwezi ndi chaka cha kuŵerengese mwakugwiriskiya lumwi, vikoliyanengi. Achitanga venivi mwakusazgiyaku mazuŵa nganyaki pamwenga kusazgiyaku mwezi umoza, panyaki chaka chakulondopu chechendayambi. Venivi vachitiskanga kuti kalendala yikoliyanengi ndi nyengu yakupandiya kweniso kuvuniya mbewu.

Kweni mu nyengu yaku Mozesi, Chiuta wangukambiya Ayisirayeli kuti chaka chawu chiyambengi ndi mwezi wa Abibu pamwenga kuti Nisani mu chifuku ndipu nyengu yeniyi mazuŵa nganu ndi March/April. (Eki. 12:2; 13:4) Phwandu lo lachitikanga mu mwezi wenuwu lasazgangapu kuvuna balire.—Eki. 23:15, 16.

Kaswiri munyaki zina laki Emil Schürer wangukamba kuti: “Chenga chipusu kuziŵa nyengu yakusazgiyaku mwezi unyaki pa kalendala.” Iyu wangukamba so kuti: “Phwandu la Pasika lo lakhumbikanga kuchitika asani mwezi wosi waŵalika mu mwezi wa Nisani (Nisani 14), nyengu zosi lakhumbikanga kuchitika mu chifuku asani msana ndi usiku ve ndi maora ngakuyanana . . . Mwaviyo, asani kukumaliya kwa chaka, vaziŵika kuti Pasika wachitikengi yechendafiki nyengu yo usiku ndi msana vija ndi maora ngakuyanana, Ayuda asazgiyangaku mwezi umoza pa kalendala, Nisani wechendafiki.”—The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, (175 B.C.–A.D. 135).

Akaboni aku Yehova agwiriskiya ntchitu nthowa yeniyi asani akhumba kuziŵa deti lakwenere kuchitiya mwambu wa Chakurya Chamazulu cha Ambuya, wo uchitika mu chifuku ndipu likoliyana ndi Nisani 14 pa kalendala Yachiheberi. Mipingu pacharu chosi chapasi yiziŵiskikiya limu vakukwaskana ndi deti lenili. *

Kweni kumbi Aheberi aziŵanga wuli nyengu yo mwezi unyaki umaliyengi kweniso nyengu yo mwezi wufya uyambiyengi? Mazuŵa nganu vakusuzga cha chifukwa mungawona waka pa kalendala yakuchita kupurinta pamwenga ya pafoni, tabuleti pamwenga vipangizu vinyaki. Kweni mu nyengu yakali venga vakusuzga ukongwa.

Mu nyengu ya Chigumula, myezi yaŵanga ndi mazuŵa 30. (Gene. 7:11, 24; 8:3, 4) Pavuli paki, Aheberi kalendala yawu mwezi wajanga ndi mazuŵa 30 cha. Ve viyo chifukwa chakuti pa kalendala Yachiheberi, mwezi wayambanga asani mwezi wufya waŵalika ŵaka. Venivi vachitikanga asani pajumpha mazuŵa 29 pamwenga 30 kutuliya po mwezi wajumpha wayambiya.

Nyengu yinyaki, Davidi ndi Yonatani angukamba va kwamba kwa mwezi wufya, ndipu anguti: “Mawa, ndi zuŵa la mwezi wufya.” (1 Samu. 20:5, 18) Mwaviyo, viwoneka kuti pa nyengu iyi, myezi ayiŵerengesiyanga limu. Kweni kumbi Ayisirayeli aziŵanga wuli nyengu yo mwezi wufya uyambiyengi? Buku la Mishnah lo mwe marangu kweniso mudawuku wa Chiyuda, le ndi fundu zinyaki. Buku ili lilongo kuti Ayuda ŵati aweku ku ukapolu ku Babiloni, Mphara Yikulu ya Milandu (Mphara yikulu ya milandu ya Ayuda) ndiyu yachitangapu kanthu. Pa maphwandu ngo ngachitikanga kwa myezi 7, mphara yikulu yeniyi yakumananga pa zuŵa la 30 la mwezi. Yiwu ndiwu ŵenga ndi udindu wakuziŵa nyengu yo mwezi wufya uyambiyengi. Kumbi achitanga wuli venivi?

Anthulumi wo ajanga pachanya pa mapiri kuzunguliya Yerusalemu, alereskanga kuchanya ndi usiku kuti awoni mwezi wufya uchiŵalika. Yiwu akambiyanga Mphara Yikulu ya Milandu asani awuwona waka. Asani ŵanthu a mu Mphara yeniyi awona kuti pe ukaboni wakukwana wakuti mwezi wufya waŵalika nadi, apharazganga kuti mwezi wufya wayamba. Kweni kumbi ntchinthu wuli cho chachitikanga asani kwe mitambu pamwenga nyankhuŵinda ndipu alonda wo ajanga pa mapiri awuwona  cha mwezi wufya? Asani vaŵa viyo, ndikuti mwezi wo alimu awukambanga kuti we ndi mazuŵa 30, ndipu mwezi wufya wayambanga zuŵa lakulondopu.

Buku la Mishnah likamba kuti, asani Mphara Yikulu ya Milandu yikhumba kupharazga kwamba kwa mwezi wufya, yapembanga motu pachanya pa Phiri la Maolivi, kufupi ndi Yerusalemu. Pachanya pa mapiri nganyaki mu Isirayeli, motu awugwiriskiyanga ntchitu kuti upharazgi uthenga. Pavuli paki, atumanga ŵanthu kuti akapereki uthenga. Mwaviyo, Ayuda wo ajanga mu Yerusalemu kweniso mu malu ngaki, aziŵanga kuti mwezi wufya wayamba. Ndipu wosi achitanga maphwandu pa nyengu yimoza.

Tchati cho che mu nkhani iyi, chingakuwovyani kuvwisa myezi, maphwandu kweniso nyengu za mu kalendala Yachiheberi.