Dlulela kokumunyethweko

Iinqophiso Zomhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi WobuKrestu

Iinqophiso Zomhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi WobuKrestu

Iinqophiso Zomhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi WobuKrestu

Okungaphakathi

1. Iinqophiswezi zizokusiza boke abanengcenye emhlanganweni Wepilo Nomsebenzi. Boke abazokuba neengcenye kufuze babuyekeze iinqophiso ezifumaneka encwajaneni ethi, Ipilo Nomsebenzi kunye neenqophiso ezisephepheneli ngaphambi kokulungiselela izabelo zabo. Boke abarhuweleli kufuze bakhuthazwe bona batlolisele ukwenza izabelo zabafundi. Abanye abahlanganyela ngokuzeleko nebandla bangafakwa ezabelweni nangabe bavumelana neemfundiso zeBhayibheli begodu baphila ngokuvumelana neenkambisolawulo zobuKrestu. Umbonisi Womhlangano wePilo Nomsebenzi kufuze acoce nomuntu ongasimrhuweleli kodwana onesifiso sokutlolisela ukwenza izabelo zabafundi begodu amazise ukuthi uyafaneleka namkha awa. Kufuze kucocwe naye phambi komuntu afunda naye iBhayibheli (namkha umbelethi omKrestu). Iimfunekwezi ziyafana nezomuntu ofuna ukuba mrhuweleli ongakabhajadiswa.—od isahl. 8 isig. 8.

AMEZWI WOKUVULA

2. Umzuzu munye. Qobe veke, ngemva kokuvula ngengoma nomthandazo, usihlalo Womhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi uzokwethula ihlelo elilandelako ngendlela eyenza abantu balilulukele. Usihlalo kufuze adzimelele emaphuzwini azokuzuzisa ibandla.

AMAGUGU ASELIZWINI LAKAZIMU

3. Ikulumo: Imizuzu elitjhumi. Isihloko nehlaka lamaphuzu amabili namkha amathathu kufumaneka encwajaneni ethi, Ipilo Nomsebenzi WobuKrestuIhlelo Lomhlangano Webandla. Ikulumo le kufuze yabelwe umdala namkha inceku esizako efanelekako. Nakwethulwa incwadi yeBhayibheli etja ekufundweni kweBhayibheli kwaqobe veke, kuzokudlalwa ividiyo ezokwethula incwadi leyo. Isikhulumi singakhulumela amaphuzu wevidiyo akhambisana nesihloko. Nanyana kunjalo, kufuze siqinisekise bona sihlanganisa woke amaphuzu wehlaka avezwe encwajaneni. Isikhathi nasivumako, kufuze sisebenzise iinthombe ezisencwajaneni, ezenzelwe bona zikhambisane nalokho okuzokufundwa ngakho. Isikhulumi singawafaka amaphuzu avela kwezinye iincwadi kwaphela nangabe akhambisana namaphuzu wehlaka.

4. Izinto ZakaZimu Eziligugu: Imizuzu elitjhumi. Le yingcenye yemibuzo neempendulo enganasethulo nesiphetho. Izokwabelwa umdala namkha inceku esizako efanelekako. Isikhulumi kufuze sibuze iinlaleli imibuzo emibili evelako. Godu kufuze sikhethe bonyana woke amavesi avezwe embuzweni kufanele afundwe nofana awa. Labo abakhethwa bona baphendule, iimpendulo zabo kufuze zibe mizuzwana ema-30 namkha ngaphasi.

5. Ukufundwa KweBhayibheli: Imizuzu emine. Ingcenye le izokwabelwa umuntu wembaji. Umfundi kufuze afunde indaba abelwe yona ngaphandle kokutjho isethulo namkha isiphetho. Usihlalo womhlangano uzokuthabela khulu ukusiza abafundi bona bafunde ngokunembileko, ngendlela ezwisisekako, ngokutjhelelako, ngokugandelela umqondo ofaneleko, ngokutjhuguluka kwephimbo, ngokudosa umoya eendaweni ezifaneleko, nokukhuluma ngendlela engokwemvelo. Ngebanga lokuthi ukufundwa kweBhayibheli akulingani okhunye kufitjhani okhunye kude, umbonisi Womhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi kufuze acabangele ikghono lomfundi ngaphambi kobana amabele ikulumo.

OZOKUSEBENZISA ESIMINI

6. Imizuzu elitjhumi nahlanu. Le yingcenye eyenzelwe bona woke umuntu akghone ukuthuthukisa indlelakhe yokukhuluma nekghono lokutjhumayela nokufundisa. Nakutlhogekako, abadala banganikelwa izabelo zabafundi. Umfundi kufuze asebenzele ephuzwini elisencwajaneni ethi, Ekufundeni namkha ethi, Thanda Abantu evela hlanu kwesabelo esisencwajaneni ethi, Ipilo Nomsebenzi WobuKrestuIhlelo Lomhlangano Webandla. Ngezinye iinkhathi kungaba nengcenye yemibuzo neempendulo. Ingcenye le izokwabelwa umdala nofana inceku esizako efanelekako.—Malungana nendlela yokuraga imikhulumiswano, qala isigaba 15.

7. Ukuthomisa Ikulumiswano: Isabelwesi singabelwa umuntu wembaji namkha wengubo. Umsizi kufuze kube ngewobulili obufanako nofana ilunga lomndeni. Umfundi nomsizakhe bangahlala phasi nofana bajame ngeenyawo.—Bona ufumane okunabileko ngendlela okufuze kwenziwe ngayo izabelo nendlela ezihlelwe ngayo, qala iingaba 12 no-13

8. Landelela: Isabelwesi singabelwa umuntu wembaji namkha wengubo. Umsizi kufuze kube ngewobulili obufanako. (km-ZU 5/97 k. 2) Umfundi nomsizakhe bangahlala phasi nofana bajame ngeenyawo. Umfundi kufuze aveze lokho azokutjho nakalandelela lokho abacoce ngakho esikhathini esidlulileko.—Bona ufumane okunabileko ngendlela okufuze kwenziwe ngayo izabelo nendlela ezihlelwe ngayo, qala iingaba 12 no-13.

9. Ukwenza Abafundi: Isabelwesi singabelwa umuntu wembaji namkha wengubo. Umsizi kufuze kube ngewobulili obufanako. (km-ZU 5/97 k. 2) Umfundi nomsizakhe bangahlala phasi nofana bajame ngeenyawo. Ingcenye le kufuze iveze indlela yokuraga isifundo seBhayibheli esele sithonyiwe. Akutlhogeki bona umfundi enze isethulo namkha isiphetho ngaphandle kwalokha nakasebenzela eselulekwenesi. Akutlhogeki nokuthi iingaba zifundwe zoke ngokuzwakalako nanyana lokho kungenziwa ngesinye isikhathi.

10. Ukuhlathulula Okukholelwako: Nasihlelwe bona sibe yikulumo, isabelwesi kufuze senziwe mumuntu wembaji. Nasihlelwe bona sibe mboniso, singanikelwa umuntu wembaji namkha wengubo. Umsizi kufuze kube ngewobulili obufanako nofana ilunga lomndeni. Umfundi kufuze awuphendule ngokuhlakanipha nangokuzwakalako umbuzo osihloko, asebenzisa isikhombo anikelwe sona. Umfundi angatjho ukuthi iminingwana ayisebenzisako ekulumenakhe ivela kisiphi isikhombo namkha angakhetha ukungatjho.

11. Ikulumo: Isabelwesi kufuze siragwe mumuntu wembaji begodu sibe yikulumo ebandleni. Nange ikulumo ithathelwe ephuzwini elikusithasiselo A sencwajana ethi, Thanda Abantu, umfundi kufuze aveze indlela amavesi angasetjenziswa ngayo esimini. Ngokwesibonelo, angatjho ukuthi kufuze lisetjenziswe nini ivesi, ihlathululwalo nokuthi angalikhulumela njani nakacoca nomuntu. Nangabe ikulumo isekelwe esifundweni esisencwajaneni ethi, Thanda Abantu, umfundi kufuze adzimelele endleleni angalisebenzisa ngayo iphuzu esimini. Angakhuluma ngesibonelo esisephuzwini 1 lesifundo namkha aveze amanye amaphuzu asemavesini, nange lokho kuzokusiza.

12. Indlela Yokwenza Izabelo: Ilwazi elifumaneka esigabenesi nakwesilandelako lisebenza engcenyeni ethi, “Ukuthomisa Ikulumiswano” nethi, “Landelela.” Ngaphandle kokuthi kutjengisiwe, umgomo womfundi kufuze kube kucocela umuntu akhuluma naye ngefundiso yeBhayibheli ekhambisana nobujamo bomuntu acoca naye nokubeka isisekelo sokuragela phambili nekulumiswano ngesikhathi esizako. Umfundi kufuze akhethe isihloko esivumelana nobujamo bendawo ahlala kiyo. Angakhetha ukukhambisa incwadi, ukwethula ividiyo esemaThulusinethu wokuFundisa namkha awa. Kunokubamba itjumayelo ngehloko, umfundi kufuze alwele ukuthuthukisa amakghono wokukhuluma njengokuba nendaba nabantu nokuba ngokwemvelo.

13. Indlela Yokuhlela Izabelo: Umfundi kufuze asebenzise indlela isabelo sakhe esihlelwe ngayo kuye ngobujamo bendawo leyo. Ngokwesibonelo:

  1. (1) Endlini Ngendlu: Indlela le ifaka hlangana ukutjhumayela endlini ngendlu—bunqopha, ngefowuni namkha ngokutlola incwadi—kunye nokulandelela indaba ebenicoca ngayo esikhathini esidlulileko endlini ngendlu.

  2. (2) Ukutjhumayela Nakuvela Ithuba: Indlela le itjho ukutjhugulula ikulumiswano ejayelekileko bona utjhumayeze umuntu ococa naye. Kungafaka hlangana ukucoca ngalokho okutjhiwo liBhayibheli nabantu osebenza nabo, esikolweni, emphakathini, nawukhwele isithuthi namkha nanyana kunini lokha nawenza eminye imisebenzi.

(3) Ukutjhumayela Emphakathini: Indlela le ihlanganisa ukutjhumayela ngekarana, ukutjhumayeza abantu eendaweni zamabhizinisi, ukutjhumayela endleleni, ukutjhumayela emaphageni neendaweni zokuphaga iinkoloyi namkha nanyana kukuphi la abantu bangafumaneka khona.

14. Ukusetjenziswa Kwamavidiyo Neencwadi: Kuye ngobujamo, umfundi angakhetha ukusebenzisa ividiyo namkha iincwadi. Nangabe isabelo somfundi sihlanganisa ividiyo namkha nangabe umfundi ukhetha ukusebenzisa ividiyo, kufuze ayethule begodu acoce ngayo kodwana angayidlali.

IPILO YAMAKRESTU

15. Ngemva kwengoma, imizuzu eli-15 yengcenye le izokuba nekulumo yinye namkha ezimbili ezitlanyelwe ukusiza abalaleli basebenzise iliZwi lakaZimu. Ngaphandle kobana kutjengiswe ngenye indlela ikulumo le ingabelwa umdala namkha inceku esizako efanelekako, ngaphandle kwekulumo yezinto ezithinta ibandla, yona-ke izokwabelwa abadala kwaphela. Nangabe ingcenye iyikulumiswano, umfowethu onikelwe isabelwesi angasebenzisa eminye imibuzo ngaphezu kwaleyo anikelwe yona. Isethulo sakhe kufuze sibe sifitjhani bona abe nesikhathi esaneleko sokuveza amaphuzu aqakathekileko, nokunikela abalaleli ithuba lokuphendula. Nangabe kuzokuba nekulumiswano nomuntu othileko, kungaba kuhle ukuthi umuntu okucocwa naye aphendule imibuzo asesiteji nakukghonakalako, ingasi endaweni ahlezi kiyo.

16. Isifundo SeBhayibheli Sebandla: Imizuzu ematjhumi amathathu. Ikulumo le izokwabelwa umdala ofanelekako. (Amabandla anabadala abambalwa angasebenzisa iinceku ezisizako ezifanelekako nakutlhogekako.) Isihlopha sabadala kufuze siqunte ukuthi bobani abafanelekela ukuraga isiFundo seBhayibheli seBandla. Labo abakhethiweko kufuze basirage ngendlela ezuzisako, baqiniseke ukuthi isifundo siphela ngesikhathi, imitlolo ephethe umongo wendaba iyagandelelwa begodu basize nanyana ngubani bona abone ukuqakatheka kwamaphuzu aveziweko. Labo abakhethiweko bazokuzuza ngokubuyekeza iinqophiso ezigadangisiweko ezimalungana nokuraga iingcenye zemibuzo neempendulo. (w23.04 k. 24, ibhoksi) Akutlhogeki bona isifundo sidose isikhathi eside, nasele woke amaphuzu aveziwe, phetha isifundo. Nakukghonakalako, isifundwesi kufuze siragwe besifundwe babantu abahlukahlukeneko qobe veke. Nangabe usihlalo Womhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi uthi isifundo sirhunyezwe, oraga isifundo nguye ozokukhetha bona usirhunyeza njani. Angakhetha bona ofundako eqe ezinye iingaba.

AMEZWI WOKUPHETHA

17. Imizuzu emithathu. Usihlalo Womhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi uzokubuyekeza amaphuzu alisizo esiwafumene emhlanganweni. Uzokuveza kancani izinto okuzokucocwa ngazo iveke elandelako. Uzokutjho namagama wabafundi ababelwe iinkulumo ngeveke elandelako nangabe isikhathi sisesekhona. Ngaphandle kobana kutjengiswe ngenye indlela, usihlalo kufuze amemezele izaziso, afundele nebandla iincwadi eziqakathekileko. Imininingwana ejayelekileko, njengamahlelo wokuya esimini newokuhlwengisa iwolo akukafaneli amenyezelwe esiteji, kodwana kufuze afakwe ebhodini lezaziso. Nangabe akukghonakali bona kumenyezelwe izaziso namkha kufundwe iincwadi emezwini wokuphetha, usihlalo kufuze abawe abafowethu abaneenkulumo engcenyeni ethi, Ipilo YamaKrestu bona banciphise iinkulumo zabo. (Qala isigaba 16 no-19.) Umhlangano uzokuphethwa ngengoma nomthandazo.

UKUBUKA NESELULEKO

18. Kwesinye nesinye isabelo eenkulumweni zabafundi eMhlanganweni Wepilo Nomsebenzi, kuzokuba pheze nomzuzu munye kasihlalo wokuthokoza nokweluleka okusekelwe ephuzwini leseluleko umfundi abelwe lona. Usihlalo nakathula isabelo somfundi angekhe atjho iseluleko sekulumo. Nanyana kunjalo umfundi nasele aqedile ukubeka ikulumakhe, nangemva kokuthi usihlalo amthokoze, angatjho ukuthi umfundi bekasebenzela kiliphi iphuzu, bekatjho nokuthi kubayini athi wenze kuhle ephuzwinelo begodu abe nomusa nakahlathululela umfundi ukuthi kubayini kufuze asebenzele khudlwana ephuzwinelo nokuthi angakwenza njani. Usihlalo angatjho amanye amaphuzu wekulumo nangabe lokho kuzokuzuzisa umfundi namkha abalaleli. Kunamaphuzu angezelelweko weseluleko asekelwe encwajaneni ethi, Thanda Abantu nethi Zinikele Ekufundeni Nekufundiseni namkha encwadini Yesikole SeNkonzo. Iselulekweso kufuze asithole ngemva komhlangano ngemsitheleni namkha ngesinye isikhathi ephuzwini asebenzela kilo nakwelinye iphuzu.—Nawufuna ukwazi okunabileko malungana neenqophiso zendima kasihlalo Womhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi neyomeluleki omsizi, funda iingaba 19, 24 no-25.

ISIKHATHI

19. Ayikho ikulumo okufuze idlule isikhathi eyabelwe sona, kuhlanganise namezwi kasihlalo Womhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi. Nanyana incwajana ethi, Ipilo Nomsebenzi WobuKrestu—Ihlelo Lomhlangano Webandla iveza isikhathi sengcenye ngayinye, akutlhogeki ukungezelela imininingwana bona kusetjenziswe isikhathi esiseleko nangabe woke amaphuzu aveziwe. Nangabe kuneengcenye ezidlula isikhathi esibekiweko, usihlalo Womhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi namkha umeluleki omsizi kufuze abaluleke ngemsitheleni abadla isikhathi. (Funda iingaba 24 no-25.) Umhlangano sewuwoke, kuhlanganise neengoma nemithandazo kufuze kungeqi i-awara linye nemizuzu ema-45.

NANIVAKATJHELWE MBONISI WESIGODI

20. Nangabe ibandla livakatjhelwe mbonisi wesigodi, ihlelo kufuze likhambe ngendlela ehlathululwe encwajaneni ethi, Ipilo Nomsebenzi WobuKrestu—Ihlelo Lomhlangano Webandla ngokwendlela elandelako: Umbonisi wesigodi uzokubeka ikulumo ngemizuzu ema-30 esikhundleni sesiFundo seBhayibheli seBandla esisengcenyeni ethi, Ipilo YamaKrestu. Ngaphambi kobana kuthome ikulumo, usihlalo Womhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi uzokubuyekeza ihlelo ebekucocwa ngalo, bese ukhuluma ngehlelo leveke ezako, amemezele nezaziso eziqakathekileko afunde neencwadi okufuze zifundwe, ngemva kwalokho uzokwethula umbonisi wesigodi. Ngemva kwekulumo, umbonisi wesigodi uzokuphetha umhlangano ngengoma azoyikhetha. Angabawa omunye umfowethu bona aphethe ngomthandazo. Amanye amaklasi aragwa ngelimi lebandla angekhe abe khona nakuvakatjhe umbonisi wesigodi. Isiqhema singaraga nemihlangano yaso nakuvakatjhe umbonisi wesigodi ebandleni. Kodwana kufuze sibuye sizokulalela ikulumo yombonisi wesigodi kunye nebandla.

NGEVEKE YOMHLANGANO WESIGODI NAMKHA WESIFUNDA

21. Ngeveke yomhlangano wesigodi namkha wesifunda angekhe kube nemihlangano yebandla. Ibandla kufuze likhunjuzwe ukuthi ebekuzokufundwa ngeveke leyo kuzokufundwa emakhaya namkha umuntu azifundele ayedwa.

NGEVEKE YESIKHUMBUZO

22. Nangabe ilanga lesiKhumbuzo lizokuba phakathi neveke, Umhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi angekhe ube khona.

UMBONISI WOMHLANGANO WEPILO NOMSEBENZI

23. Umdala ozokukhethwa sihlopha sabadala uzokuba mbonisi Womhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi. Umsebenzakhe kuqinisekisa bona umhlangano uhlelekile nokuthi ukhambisana neenqophiswezi. Kufuze akghone ukukhulumisana kuhle nomeluleki omsizi. Msinyana ngemva kobana incwajana ethi, Ipilo Nomsebenzi WobuKrestu—Ihlelo Lomhlangano Webandla seyifumaneka, umbonisi Womhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi kufuze abele boke, zoke izabelo zomhlangano waphakathi kweveke zeenyanga ezimbili ezilandelako. Izabelwezi zihlanganisa zoke ekungasingezabafundi, zabosihlalo bomhlangano waphakathi kweveke kilabo abakhethwe sihlopha sabadala kunye nezabelo zabafundi. (Funda iingaba 3-16 no-24.) Nakenza izabelo zabafundi, kufuze acabange ngeminyaka yomfundi, ilemuko lakhe kunye nekululeko yokukhuluma endabeni ekuzokukhulunywa ngayo. Kufuze enze okufanako nakahlela ezinye iingcenye zomhlangano, akhuphe isabelo ngasinye okunganani kusasele iimveke ezintathu ngaphambi kwelanga lesabelo. Kufuze kusetjenziswe iforomo lesabelo Somhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi WobuKrestu, (S-89) nakukhutjhwa izabelo. Umbonisi Womhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi kufuze aqinisekise ukuthi izabelo zemihlangano yoke zifakiwe ebhodini yezaziso. Isihlopha sabadala singakhetha omunye umdala namkha inceku esizako bona imsize. Nanyana kunjalo, badala kwaphela abahlela izabelo ekufuze zingenziwa bafundi.

USIHLALO WOMHLANGANO WEPILO NOMSEBENZI

24. Qobe veke, kufuze kube nomdala ozokuba ngusihlalo womhlangano woke Wepilo Nomsebenzi. (Amabandla anabadala abambalwa angasebenzisa iinceku ezisizako ezifanelekako nakutlhogekako.) Kufuze alungiselele amezwi wokuvula newokuphetha. Kufuze athule zoke iinkulumo, begodu naye angaba nesabelo eengcenyeni ezithileko zomhlangano loyo, khulukhulu iingcenye ezingatlhogi imikhulumiswano kodwana ezitlhoga ividiyo kwaphela, kuye ngokuthi isihlopha sabadala sikhulu kangangani. Amaphuzwakhe ngemva kwengcenye ngayinye kufuze abe mafitjhani. Isihlopha sabadala sizokuqunta bona ngibaphi abadala abafanelekela isabelwesi. Abadala abafanelekako bakhethwa bona babe bosihlalo begodu kufuze badlhegane esabelwenesi. Umbonisi Womhlangano Wepilo Nomsebenzi angaba ngusihlalo kanengi ukudlula abanye abadala abafanelekako, kuye ngobujamo bebandla abakilo. Nangabe umdala uyafaneleka bona angaraga isiFundo seBhayibheli seBandla, kuyatjho ukuthi angafaneleka ukuba ngusihlalo womhlangano lo. Ningalibali ukuthi umdala ozokwabelwa bona abe ngusihlalo kufanele abuke abafundi begodu nakutlhogekako, aluleke abafundi abanezabelo ngethando. Kufuze aqiniseke nokobana umhlangano uphela ngesikhathi. (Funda isigaba 17 no-19.) Usihlalo nakathandako begodu kunendawo eyaneleko, kungabekwa omunye umbhobho wesibili ukwenzela bona usihlalo nakathula ikulumo khibe loyo ozoyibeka sekajamile komunye umbhobho. Usihlalo angathanda nokuba netafula azolisebenzisa esiteji ngesikhathi sesabelo sokufundwa kweBhayibheli, naphakathi komhlangano othi, Ozokusebenzisa Esimini. Lokho kungonga isikhathi.

UMELULEKI OMSIZI

25. Nakukghonekako, kungaba kuhle khulu bona umeluleki omsizi abe mdala osikhulumi esihle onelemuko. Umsebenzakhe kukuthi nakutlhogekako, aluleke abadala neenceku ezisizako ngerhorhomejeni ngeenkulumo abazibeka emhlanganweni Wepilo Nomsebenzi, ikulumo yeBhayibheli, isabelo sokuraga nesokufundwa kwesiThala namkha isiFundo seBhayibheli seBandla. (Funda isigaba 19.) Nangabe kunabadala abanengi abaziinkhulumi ezihle nabanekghono lokufundisa ebandleni, kufuze badlhegane qobe mnyaka endimeni yokuba ngumeluleki omsizi. Akutlhogeki bona aluleke kwesinye nesinye isabelo.

AMAKLASI WABAFUNDI

26. Amabandla angaba namaklasi angeziweko wabafundi abanezabelo kuye ngobunengi babafundi. Iklasi elinye nelinye kufuze libe nomeluleki ofanelekako, nakukghonekako kufuze kube mdala. Nakutlhogekako umeluleki angaba yinceku esizako efanelekako. Isihlopha sabadala ngiso okufuze sikhethe abazokuba beluleki bamaklasi wabafundi nokuthi kufanele kudlheganwe esabelwenesi. Umeluleki kufuze alandele iinqophiso ezisesigabeni 18. Nangabe kuzokuba namaklasi wabafundi angeziweko, abafundi kufuze bakhonjelwe bona baye kiwo ngemva kwekulumo ethi, Izinto ZakaZimu Eziligugu esengcenyeni ethi, Amagugu AseliZwini LakaZimu. Kufuze babuye bahlangane nebandla godu ngemva kweengcenye zabafundi.

AMAVIDIYO

27. Kuzokuba namavidiyo azokusetjenziswa emhlanganweni waphakathi neveke. Amavidiyo la azokufumaneka ku-JW Library® begodu angabukelwa emitjhinini ehlukahlukeneko.

© 2023 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

S-38-NBL 11/23